Which constitutional principle protects individuals from laws that treat people unequally?

The principle that protects individuals from laws that treat people unequally is the Equal Protection clause, which is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This clause mandates that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It essentially requires that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by the law, serving as a safeguard against discriminatory practices and legislation.

In contrast, the other concepts do not specifically address the issue of unequal treatment. Due process focuses on fair legal procedures and ensuring that individuals receive a fair trial and legal protections. Judicial review pertains to the authority of courts to examine the actions of legislative and executive branches and determine their constitutionality. The presumption of innocence is a legal principle that ensures individuals accused of a crime are considered innocent until proven guilty, which addresses different aspects of fairness within the legal process rather than equality under the law.